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Leading Situation Awareness Research

Theory & General SA 
Automation  & AI       
      SA Training      
      SA Design         
  SA Modeling         
SA in Healthcare     
SA in Military Operations   
SA in Unmanned Systems
  Other Research      
SA Measurement      
SA in Teams          

Theory and General Articles

  • Endsley, M. R., Dixon, J. D., Endsley, T., Jamrog, D., Smith-Velazquez, L., & A., P. (2024). Divergence in Situation Awareness and Workload. Ergonomics.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2021) Situation awareness. In G. Salvendy & W. Karwowski (Eds.) Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics (5th Ed.). New York: Wiley.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2020). Situation awareness in driving. In D. Fisher, W. J. Horrey, J. D. Lee & M. Regan (Eds.), Handbook of Human Factors for Automated, Connected and Intelligent Vehicles. London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2018). Expertise and situation awareness. In K. A. Ericsson, R. R. Hoffman, A. Kozbelt & A. M. Williams (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance (2nd ed., pp. 714-744). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2015) Situation awareness misconceptions and misunderstandings. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 9 (1), 4-32.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2015) Final reflections: Situation awareness models and measures. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 9 (1), 101-111.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2015) Situation awareness: Operationally necessary and scientifically grounded. Cognition, Technology and Work, 17(2), 163-167.
  • Endsley, M. R. and Robertson, M. M. (2015) A model of organizational situation awareness: Macro-ergonomic factors impacting SA in organizations, Proceedings of the 19th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Melbourne, Australia.
  • Endsley, M. R. and Connors, E. (2014) Foundations and challenges. In Kott, A., Wang, C. and Erbacher, R. (eds.) Cyber Defense and Situational Awareness, New York: Springer Press. (pp 7-27) Endsley, M. R. (2013) Situation Awareness, In Lee, J. D. and Kirlik, A. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Engineering. New York: Oxford University Press.
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  • Schulz, C. M., Endsley, M. R., Kochs, E. F., Gelb, A. W., & Wagner, K. J. (2013). Situation awareness in anesthesia: Concept and Research. Anesthesiology, 118.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2012) Situation awareness in cyber operations. Presentation to the Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Boston, MA.
  • Bolstad, C. A., Endsley, M. R., & Cuevas, H. M. (2012) Integrating situation awareness within a theoretical framework of cognitive readiness. In H. F. O'Neil, R. Perez & E. Baker (Eds.), Teaching and Measuring Cognitive Readiness. New York: Springer.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2008). Situation Awareness: A key factor in effectiveness of battle command. In A. Kott (Ed.), The battle of cognition: A key factor in the future of information-rich warfare and the mind of the commander. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Connors, E. S., Endsley, M. R., & Jones, L. (2007) Situation awareness in the power transmission and distribution industry Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 51st Annual Meeting (pp. 215-219). Santa Monica, CA
  • Endsley, M. R. (2006) Expertise and situation awareness. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich, & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 633-651). New York: Cambridge University Press
  • Endsley, M. R. (2004). Situation awareness: Progress and directions. In S. Banbury & S. Tremblay (Eds.), A cognitive approach to situation awareness: Theory, measurement and application. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Bolstad, C. A., Riley, J. M., Jones, D. G., & Endsley, M. R. (2002). Using goal directed task analysis with Army brigade officer teams. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 46th Annual Meeting, pp. 472-476. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R., & Jones, W. M. (2001). A model of inter- and intrateam situation awareness: Implications for design, training and measurement. In M. McNeese & E. Salas & M. Endsley (Eds.), New trends in cooperative activities: Understanding system dynamics in complex environments. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R., & Jones, D. G. (2001). Disruptions, Interruptions, and Information Attack: Impact on Situation Awareness and Decision Making. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting, pp. 63-68. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2000). Theoretical underpinnings of situation awareness: A critical review. In M. R. Endsley and D. J. Garland (Eds.), Situation awareness analysis and measurement Mahwah, NJ: LEA.
  • Jones, D. J., and Endsley, M. R. (2000). Overcoming representational errors in complex environments, Human Factors, 42(3), 367-378.
  • Endsley, M. R., Farley, T. C., Jones, W. M., Midkiff, A. H., & Hansman, R. J. (1998). Situation awareness information requirements for commercial airline pilots (ICAT-98-1). Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology International Center for Air Transportation.
  • Endsley, M. R. and Smolensky, M. (1998) Situation Awareness in Air Traffic Control: The Picture. In M. Smolensky and E. Stein (eds.) Human Factors in Air Traffic Control (pp. 115-154). New York: Academic Press.
  • Endsley, M. R., Mogford, R. H., & Stein, E. S. (1997). Controller situation awareness in free flight. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 41st Annual Meeting (pp. 4-8). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R., & Rodgers, M. D. (1996). Attention distribution and situation awareness in air traffic control. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society , (pp. 82-85) Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R. and Smith, R. P. (1996). Attention distribution and decision making in tactical air combat. Human Factors, 38(2), 232-249.
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  • Jones, D. G. and Endsley, M. R. (1996). Sources of situation awareness errors in aviation. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 67(6), 507-512.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1996). Distributed situation awareness in the battlefield of the future: Getting the information in warfare. In Proceedings of the Colloquium on Multi-Crew Performance in Complex Military Systems Philadelphia, PA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R., & Jones, D. G. (1996). Situation awareness in air traffic control. In Ozar & Salvendy (eds.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Applied Ergonomics . Istanbul, Turkey: Taylor & Francis.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1995). Situation awareness: Where are we heading? In Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology . Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.
  • Jones, D. G., & Endsley, M. R. (1995). Investigation of situation awareness errors. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology . Columbus,OH: Ohio State University.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1995) Towards a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems, Human Factors, 37(1), 32-64.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1995). Theoretical underpinnings of situation awareness: A critical review. In Garland, D. J. and Endsley, M. R. (eds.), Experimental Analysis and Measurement of Situation Awareness. (pp. 17-23) Daytona Beach, FL: Embry-Riddle University.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1995). A taxonomy of situation awareness errors. In R. Fuller, N. Johnston, & N. McDonald (Eds.), Human Factors in Aviation Operations (pp. 287-292). Aldershot, England: Avebury Aviation, Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
  • Endsley, M. R. and Bolstad, C. A. (1994) Individual Differences in Pilot Situation Awareness, International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 4(3), 241-264.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1994). Situation awareness in dynamic human decision making: Theory. In R. D. Gilson, D. J. Garland, & J. M. Koonce (Eds.), Situational Awareness in Complex Systems (pp. 27-58). Daytona Beach, FL: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Press.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1993). Situation awareness: The development and application of a theoretical framework. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 37th Annual Meeting (pp. 39-40). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1993). Situation awareness and workload: Flip sides of the same coin. In R. S. Jensen & D. Neumeister (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 906-911). Columbus, OH: Department of Aviation, The Ohio State University.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1993) A Survey of Situation Awareness Requirements in Air-to-Air Combat Fighters, International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 3(2), 157-168.
  • Endsley, M. R., & Bolstad, C. A. (1993). Human capabilities and limitations in situation awareness. In Combat Automation for Airborne Weapon Systems: Man/Machine Interface Trends and Technologies (AGARD-CP-520) (pp. 19/1-19/10). Neuilly Sur Seine, France: NATO - AGARD.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1993). Situation awareness: A fundamental factor underlying the successful implementation of AI in the air traffic control system. In D. J. Garland & J. A. Wise (Eds.), Human Factors and Advanced Automation Technologies (pp. 117-122). Daytona Beach, FL: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Press.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1991). Situation awareness in dynamic systems. In Y. Queinnec & F. Daniellou (Eds.), Designing for Everyone (pp. 801-803). London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1988). Design and evaluation for situation awareness enhancement. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting (pp. 97-101). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
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Automation and AI

  • Endsley, M. R. (2024). Humans and Machines Joining Forces. In M. Lane & A. Sethumadhavan (Eds.), Collaborative Intelligence: How Humans and AI Are Transforming Our World (pp. 61–124). Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2023). Ironies of Artificial Intelligence, Ergonomics, 66(11) 1656-1668.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2023). Supporting human-AI teams: Transparency, explainability, and situation awareness. Computers in Human Behavior, 140, 107574.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2023). Understanding automation failure. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making. doi: 10.1177/15553434231222059
  • Endsley, M. R., Caldwell, B. S., Chiou, E. K., Cooke, N. J., Cummings, M. L., Gonzalez, C., . . . Rouse, W. B. (2021). Human-AI Teaming: State of the Art and Research Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
  • Chiou, E. K., Demir, M., Buchanan, V., Corral, C. C., Endsley, M. R., Lematta, G. J., . . . McNeese, N. J. (2021). Towards Human–Robot Teaming: Tradeoffs of Explanation-Based Communication Strategies in a Virtual Search and Rescue Task. International Journal of Social Robotics, 1–20.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2020). Human-automation interaction and the challenge of maintaining situation awareness in future autonomous vehicles. In M. Mouloua & P. Hancock (Eds.), Automation and Human Performance: Theory and Applications (2nd Ed.) Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2019). The limits of highly autonomous vehicles: An uncertain future. Ergonomics, 62(4) 496-499
  • Endsley, M. R. (2019). Human Factors & Aviation Safety. Testimony to the United States House of Representatives Hearing on Boeing 737-Max8 Crashes https://transportation.house.gov/imo/media/doc/Endsley%20Testimony.pdf.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2018). Level of automation forms a key aspect of autonomy design. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 12 (1), 29-34.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2018) Situation awareness in future autonomous vehicles: Beware of the unexpected. Proceedings of the 20th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Florence, Italy.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2017). Autonomous driving systems: A preliminary naturalistic study of the Tesla Model S. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 11 (3), 225-238.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2017) From here to autonomy: Lessons learned from human-automation research, Human Factors, 59(1), 5-27.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2015) Autonomous Horizons: System autonomy in the Air Force - A path to the future. Volume I: Human-Autonomy Teaming. Washington, DC: U.S. Air Force.
  • Riley, J. M., Strater, L. D., Sethumadhavan, A., Davis, F., Tharanathan, A., & Kokini, C. (2008) Performance and situation awareness effects in collaborative robot control with automation. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 52nd Annual Meeting (pp. 242-246). Santa Monica, CA
  • Cuevas, H. M. Fiore, S. M., Caldwell, B. S., & Strater, L. (2007) Augmenting team cognition in human-automation teams performing in complex operational environments. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 78 (5, Supp Section II), B63-70 (Special Supplement on Operational Applications of Cognitive Performance Enhancement Technologies)
  • Cuevas, H. M., Strater, L., Caldwell, B. S., & Fiore, S. M. (2007),Team cognition in human-automation teams. In K. Mosier & U. Fischer (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making [CD-ROM], Pacific Grove, CA
  • Kaber, D. B., & Endsley, M. R. (2004). The Effects of Level of Automation and Adaptive Automation on Human Performance, Situation Awareness and Workload in a Dynamic Control Task. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomic Science,5(2), 113-153.
  • Endsley, M. R. & Hoffman, R. R. (2002) The Sacagawea Principle. IEEE Intelligent Systems, November, 80-85. Kaber, D. B., Riley, J. M., Tan, K. W., & Endsley, M. R. (2001). On the design of adaptive automation for complex systems. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 5(1), 37-57.
  • Riley, J. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2002). Computer-aided decision support: Is it what the Army needs? In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 46th Annual Meeting, pp. 477-481. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  • Endsley, M. R., & Kaber, D. B. (1999). Level of automation effects on performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task. Ergonomics, 42(3), 462-492.
  • Macedo, J. A., Kaber, D. B., Endsley, M. R., Powanusorn, P. A., & Myung, S. (1998). The effect of automated compensation for incongruent axes on teleoperator performance. Human Factors, 40(4), 541-553.
  • Endsley, M. R., & Rodgers, M. D. (1998). Distribution of attention, situation awareness, and workload in a passive air traffic control task: Implications for operational errors and automation. Air Traffic Control Quarterly, 6(1), 21-44.
  • Kaber, D. B., & Endsley, M. R. (1997). Out-of-the-loop performance problems and the use of intermediate levels of automation for improved control system functioning and safety. Process Safety Progress, 16(3), 126-131
  • Endsley, M. R., & Kaber, D. B. (1997). The use of level of automation as a means of alleviating out-of-the-loop performance problems: a taxonomy and empirical analysis. In P. Seppala, T. Luopajarvi, C. H. Nygard, & M. Mattila (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (pp. 168-170). Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health.
  • Kaber, D. B., & Endsley, M. R. (1997). Level of automation and adaptive automation effects on performance in a dynamic control task. In P. Seppala, T. Luopajarvi, C. H. Nygard, & M. Mattila (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (pp. 202-204). Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health.
  • Endsley., M. R. (1997). Level of automation: Integrating humans and automated systems. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 41st Annual Meeting (pp. 200-204). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R., & Strauch, B. (1997). Automation and situation awareness: The accident at Cali, Columbia. In R. S. Jensen & L. Rakovan (Eds.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 877-881). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.
  • Endsley, M. R., & Selcon, S. J. (1997). Designing to aid decisions through situation awareness enhancement. Paper presented at the 2nd Symposium on Situation Awareness in Tactical Aircraft, Patuxent River, MD.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1996). Automation and situation awareness. In R. Parasuraman & M. Mouloua (Eds.), Automation and human performance: Theory and applications (pp. 163-181). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1995). Situation awareness oriented design for decision support. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting (pp. 452-453). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R. and Kiris, E. O. (1995) The Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem and Level of Control in Automation, Human Factors, 37(2), 381-394.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1995). Towards a new paradigm for automation: Designing for situation awareness. Proceedings of the 6th IFAC/IFIP/IFOR/IEA Symposium on Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems, Cambridge, MA.
  • Endsley, M. R. and Kiris, E. O. (1994) Information Presentation for Expert Systems in Future Fighter Aircraft, International Journal of Aviation Psychology
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SA Measurement

  • Festa, E. K., Kim, I. Y., Winder, A. T., Bracken, B. K., Desrochers, P. C., & Endsley, M. R. (2025). Physiological measurement of situation awareness: a study of the validity of EEG and fNIRS during performance and automation monitoring in a complex task. Ergonomics, 1–19.
  • Festa, E. K., Bracken, B. K., Desrochers, P. C., Winder, A. T., Stong, P. K., & Endsley, M. R. (2024). EEG and fNIRS are associated with situation awareness prediction during a hazard awareness driving task. Ergonomics. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2367163.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2021). Situation awareness measurement: How to measure situation awareness in individuals and teams. Washington, DC: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of direct, objective measures of SA: A comparison of SAGAT and SPAM. Human Factors, 63(1), 124-150.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2020). The divergence of objective and subjective situation awareness: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 14(1), 34-53.
  • Bolstad, C. A. & Cuevas, H. M. (2011) Multifaceted approach to situation awareness assessment Proceedings of the 2011 ITEA Test Instrumentation Workshop, Las Vegas, NV
  • Bolstad, C. A. & Cuevas, H. M. (2010) Integrating situation awareness assessment into test and evaluation International Test and Evaluation Association Journal, 31 (2), 240-246 (Special Issue: User-Centric Systems)
  • Bolstad, C. A. & Cuevas, H. M. (2010) Integrating situation awareness assessment into human systems integration Proceedings of the Undersea Human Systems Integration (UHSI) Symposium. Alexandria, VA: Amer. Soc. of Naval Engineers
  • Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., Wang-Costello, J., Endsley, M. R., & Angell, L. S. (2010) Measurement of situation awareness for automobile technologies of the future In G. L. Rupp (Ed.), Performance metrics for assessing driver distraction: The quest for improved road safety (pp. 195-216). Warrendale, PA: SAE International
  • Foltz, P. W., Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., Franzke, M., Rosenstein, M., & Costello, A. M. (2008) Measuring situation awareness through automated communication analysis In M. P. Letsky, N. W. Warner, S. M. Fiore, & C. A. P. Smith (Eds.), Macrocognition in teams (pp. 259-275). Aldershot, England: Ashgate
  • Scielzo, S., Strater, L. D., Tinsley, M. L., Ungvarsky, D. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2009) Developing a subjective shared situation awareness inventory for teams Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting (pp. 289-293). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  • Saner, L., Bolstad, C. A., Gonzalez, C., & Cuevas, H. M. (2009) Measuring and predicting shared situation awareness in military teams Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 3 (3), 280-308
  • Saner, L., Bolstad, C. A., Gonzalez, C., & Cuevas, H. M. (2008) Measuring and predicting shared situation awareness in military teams Proceedings of the 3rd Network Science Workshop, 15-17 October 2008. Westpoint, NY: U. S. Military Academy
  • Bolstad, C. A., Foltz, P., Franzke, M., Cuevas, H. M., Rosenstein, M., & Costello, A. M. (2007) Predicting situation awareness from team communications Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 51st Annual Meeting (pp. 789-793). Santa Monica, CA
  • Kaber, D. B., Riley, J. M., Sheik-Nainar, M. A., Hyatt, J. R. & Reynolds, J. P. (2006) Assessing infantry soldier situation awareness in virtual environment-based training of urban terrain operations Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA) 16th World Congress on Ergonomics [CD-ROM]. Maastricht, The Netherlands: Elsevier
  • Kaber, D. B., Riley, J. M., Lampton, D., & Endsley, M. R. (2005). Measuring situation awareness is a virtual urban environment for dismounted infantry training. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on HCI, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Wright, M. C., Taekman, J. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2004). Objective measure of situation awareness in a simulated medical environment. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 13(Suppl 1), 65-71.
  • Jones, D. G., & Endsley, M. R. (2004). Using real time probes for measuring situation awareness. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 14(4), 343-367.
  • Bolstad, C. A., & Endsley, M. R. (2003a). Measuring shared and team situation awareness in the army's future objective force. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 47th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Jones, D. G., and Endsley, M. R. (2000). Can real-time probes provide a valid measure of situation awareness? Proceedings of the Human Performance, Situation Awareness and Automation: User-Centered Design for the New Millennium. Savannah, GA: SA Technologies, Inc.
  • Endsley, M. R., & Garland, D. G. (Eds.). (2000). Situation awareness analysis and measurement. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Endsley, M. R., Sollenberger, R., and Stein, E. (2000). Situation awareness: A comparison of measures. Proceedings of the Human Performance, Situation Awareness and Automation: User-Centered Design for the New Millennium. Savannah, GA: SA Technologies, Inc.
  • Jones, D. G., and Endsley, M. R. (2000). Examining the validity of real-time probes as a metric of situation awareness. Proceedings of the 14th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association and the 44th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R., Selcon, S. J., Hardiman, T. D., & Croft, D. G. (1998). A comparative evaluation of SAGAT and SART for evaluations of situation awareness. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (pp. 82-86). Santa Monica,CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Selcon, S. J., Hardiman, T. D., Croft, D. G. and Endsley, M. R. (1996). A test battery approach to cognitive engineering: To meta-measure or not to meta-measure, that is the question. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society , (pp. 228-232) Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Gawron, V., Endsley, M. R., & Reising, J. (1996). Measures and models of situation awareness. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Situational Awareness in the Tactical Air Environment. Dayton, OH: CSERIAC.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1995) Measurement of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems, Human Factors, 37(1), 65-84.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1995). Direct measurement of situation awareness in simulations of dynamic systems: Validity and use of SAGAT. In Garland, D. J. and Endsley, M. R. (eds.), Experimental Analysis and Measurement of Situation Awareness. (pp. 107-113) Daytona Beach, FL: Embry-Riddle University.
  • Garland, D. J. & Endsley, M. R. (Eds.) (1995). Experimental analysis and measurement of situation awareness. Daytona Beach, FL: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Press.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1990). Predictive utility of an objective measure of situation awareness. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting (pp. 41-45). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1990). A methodology for the objective measurement of situation awareness. In Situational Awareness in Aerospace Operations (AGARD-CP-478) (pp. 1/1 - 1/9). Neuilly Sur Seine, France: NATO - AGARD.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1988). Design and evaluation for situation awareness enhancement. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting (pp. 97-101). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1988). Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT). In Proceedings of the National Aerospace and Electronics Conference (NAECON) (pp. 789-795). New York: IEEE.
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SA in Teams

  • McNeese, M., Salas, E. and Endsley, M. R. (Eds.) (2021). Handbook of Distributed Team Cognition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Endsley, M. R. (2021). Situation awareness in teams: Models and measures. In M. McNeese, E. Salas & M. Endsley (Eds.), Handbook of distributed team cognition: Contemporary research models, methodologies, and measures in distributed team cognition (pp. 1-28). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Strater, L. D., Cuevas, H. M., Connors, E. S., Gonzalez, C., Ungvarsky, D. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2010). An investigation of technology-mediated ad hoc team operations: Consideration of components of team situation awareness. . In K. Mosier & U. Fischer (Eds.), Informed by Knowledge: Expert Performance in Complex Situations (Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making). Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis.
  • Cuevas, H. M. & Bolstad, C. A. (2010) Influence of team leaders’ situation awareness on their team’s situation awareness and performance Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting (pp. 309-313)
  • Saner, L., Bolstad, C. A., Gonzalez, C., & Cuevas, H. M. (2010) Predicting shared situation awareness in teams: A case of differential SA requirements Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting (pp. 314-318). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  • Bolstad, C. A., Endsley, M. R., Cuevas, H. M. (2010) Team coordination and shared situation awareness in combat identification In D. H. Andrews, R. Herz, & M. Wolf (Eds.) Human factors issues in combat identification (pp. 147-160). Aldershot, England: Ashgate
  • Saner, L., Bolstad, C. A., Gonzalez, C., & Cuevas, H. M. (2010) Predicting shared situation awareness in teams: A case of differential SA requirements Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting (pp. 314-318). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  • Gonzalez, C., Saner, L., Endsley, M. R., Bolstad, C. A., & Cuevas, H. M. (2009) Modeling and measuring situation awareness in individuals and teams In P. McDermott & L. Allender (Eds.), Advanced Decision Architectures for the Warfighter: Foundations and Technology – Proceedings of the Advanced Decision Architectures Final RMB Workshop (pp. 257-272), Washington, DC
  • Riley, J. M., Strater, L. D., Davis, F., Strater, S., & Faulkner, L. A. (2009) Situation awareness and team communication in robot control Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting (pp. 172-176). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  • Saner, L., Bolstad, C. A., Gonzalez, C., & Cuevas, H. M. (2009) Measuring and predicting shared situation awareness in military teams Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 3 (3), 280-308
  • Scielzo, S., Strater, L. D., Tinsley, M. L., Ungvarsky, D. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2009) Developing a subjective shared situation awareness inventory for teams Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting (pp. 289-293). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  • Strater, L., Scielzo, S., Lenox-Tinsley, M., Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2009) Tools to support ad hoc teams In P. McDermott & L. Allender (Eds.), Advanced Decision Architectures for the Warfighter: Foundations and Technology – Proceedings of the Advanced Decision Architectures Final RMB Workshop (pp. 359-377), Washington, DC
  • Bolstad, C. A., Endsley, M. R., Cuevas, H. M. (2008) Team coordination and shared situation awareness in combat identification Proceedings of the Human Factors in Combat Identification Workshop (sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory), Apache Junction, AZ
  • Caldwell, B. S. & Cuevas, H. M. (2008) Coordinating cycles of activity in distributed expert teams: An “Information Clutch” metaphor In L. Sznelwar, F. Mascia, & U. Montedo (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management (ODAM 2008), São Palo, Brazil
  • Caldwell, B. S. Palmer, III, R. C., & Cuevas, H. M. (2008) Information alignment and task coordination in organizations: An ‘information clutch’ metaphor Information Systems Management, 25 (1), 33–44 (Special Issue: “Collaboration Challenges: Bridging the IT Support Gap”)
  • Strater, L., Cuevas, H., Connors, E., Ungvarsky, D., & Endsley, M. (2008) Situation awareness and collaborative tool usage in ad hoc command and control teams Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 52nd Annual Meeting (pp. 468-472). Santa Monica, CA
  • Cuevas, H, M., Costello, A. M., Bolstad, C. A., & Endsley, M.R. (2006) Facilitating Distributed Team Collaboration Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association
  • Costello, A., Strater, L., Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2006) Communication and situation awareness in ad hoc teams Proceedings of the 25th Army Science Conference, Orlando, FL
  • Strater, L., Scielzo, S., Lenox-Tinsley, M., Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2009) Tools to support ad hoc teams In P. McDermott & L. Allender (Eds.), Advanced Decision Architectures for the Warfighter: Foundations and Technology – Proceedings of the Advanced Decision Architectures Final RMB Workshop (pp. 359-377), Washington, DC
  • Bolstad, C. A., Endsley, M. R., Cuevas, H. M. (2008) Team coordination and shared situation awareness in combat identification Proceedings of the Human Factors in Combat Identification Workshop (sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory), Apache Junction, AZ
  • Riley, J. M., Endsley, M. R., Bolstad, C. A., & Cuevas, H. M. (2007). Collaborative planning and situation awareness in army command and control. Ergonomics, 49 (12-13), 1139-1153.
  • Costello, A., Strater, L., Bolstad, C.A., Cuevas, H.M., & Endsley, M.R. (2006). Communication and situation awareness in ad hoc teams. Proceedings of the 25th Army Science Conference, Orlando, FL, November 27-30, 2006.
  • Cuevas, H. M., Costello, A. M., Bolstad, C. A., & Endsley, M. R. (2006). Facilitating distributed team performance, International Ergonomics Association 16th World Congress. Maastricht, Netherlands. Bolstad, C. A., & Endsley, M. R. (2005). Choosing team collaboration tools: Lessons learned from disaster recovery efforts. Ergonomics In Design, Fall, 7-13.
  • Bolstad, C. A., & Endsley, M. R. (2003a). Measuring shared and team situation awareness in the army's future objective force. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 47th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Bolstad, C. A., & Endsley, M. R. (2003b). Tools for supporting team collaboration. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • McNeese, M., Salas, E. and Endsley, M. R. (Eds.) (2001). New trends in cooperative activities: Understanding system dynamics in complex environments. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Farley, T. C., Hansman, R. J., Amonlirdviman, K., and Endsley, M. R. (2000). Shared information between pilots and controllers in tactical air traffic control. Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 23(5), 826-836.
  • Bolstad, C. A., and Endsley, M. R. (2000). The effect of task load and shared displays on team situation awareness. Proceedings of the 14th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association and the 44th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Bolstad, C. A., & Endsley, M. R. (1999). Shared mental models and shared displays: An empirical evaluation of team performance. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M .R. , Hansman, R. J. and Farley, T. C. (1998) Shared Situation Awareness in the Flight Deck—ATC System. In Proceedings of the Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Seattle, WA: IEEE.
  • Endsley, M. R., and Robertson, M. M. (2000). Situation awareness in aircraft maintenance teams. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 26, 301-325.
  • Robertson, M. M., & Endsley, M. R. (1997). Impact of distributed teams on organizational effectiveness. In P. Seppala, T. Luopajarvi, C. H. Nygard, & M. Mattila (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (pp. 519-521). Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
  • Endsley, M. R. (1996). Situation awareness in team settings: Foundations and directions. Proceedings of the Annual meeting of the human factors and ergonomics society (pp. 1462). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R., & Robertson, M. M. (1996). Team situation awareness in aviation maintenance. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 1077-1081) Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Robertson, M. M., & Endsley, M. R. (1995). A methodology for analyzing team situation awareness in aviation maintenance. In Garland, D. J. and Endsley, M. R. (eds.), Experimental Analysis and Measurement of Situation Awareness. (pp, 313-319) Daytona Beach, FL: Embry-Riddle University.
  • Robertson, M. M., & Endsley, M. R. (1995). The role of crew resource management (CRM) in achieving situation awareness in aviation settings. In R. Fuller, N. Johnston, & N. McDonald (Eds.), Human Factors in Aviation Operations (pp. 281-286). Aldershot, England: Avebury Aviation, Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
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SA Training

  • Kaplan, A. D., Cruit, J., Endsley, M., Beers, S. M., Sawyer, B. D., & Hancock, P. A. (2021). The Effects of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Mixed Reality as Training Enhancement Methods: A Meta-Analysis. Human Factors, 63(4), 706-726.
  • Bolstad, C. A. & Endsley, M. R., Costello, A. M. & Howell, C. D. (2010). Situation Awareness Training for General Aviation Pilots. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 20(3), 269-294.
  • Bolstad, C. A. & Endsley, M. R., Costello, A. M. & Howell, C. D. (2010) Situation awareness training for general aviation pilots International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 20(3), 269-294
  • Davis, F., Scielzo, S., Riley, J. M., Hyatt, J., Lampton, D., & Merlo, J. (2010) Adapting traditional military doctrine to modern training approaches utilizing serious games Proceedings of the 27th Army Science Conference, Orlando, FL
  • Scielzo, S., Davis, F., Riley, J., Hyatt, J., Lampton, D., & Merlo, J. (2010) Leveraging serious games and advanced training technologies for enhanced cognitive skill development Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting (pp. 2408-2412). Santa Monica, CA
  • Endsley, M.R., Riley, J., Strater, L. (2009) Leveraging Embedded Training Systems to Build Higher Level Cognitive Skills in Warfighters Paper presented at the NATO Conference on Human Dimensions in Embedded Virtual Simulation, Orlando, FL.
  • Riley, J. M., Kaber, D. B., Sheik-Nainar, M. & Endsley, M. R. (2009) Enhancing situation awareness training in virtual reality through measurement and feedback In D. Nicholson, D. Schmorrow, & J. Cohn (Eds.), The PSI handbook of virtual environments for training and education: Developments for the military and beyond, Volume 2: VE components and training technologies (pp. 326-347). Westport, CT: Praeger Security International
  • Riley, J. M., Scielzo, S., Hyatt, J., Davis, F., & Colombo, D. (2009) Situation awareness and performance feedback toward enhancing learning with game trainers: An approach and lessons learned Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting (pp. 1994-1998). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  • Strater, L. D. (2009) Leveraging virtual reality and computer-based games for training [symposium overview] Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting (pp. 1984-1985). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  • Strater, L. D., & Bolstad, C. A. (2008) Simulation-based situation awareness training In D. A. Vincenzi, J. A. Wise, M. Mouloua & P. A. Hancock (Eds.), Human factors in simulation and training (pp. 129-148). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
  • Kaber, D. B., Riley, J. M., Sheik-Nainar, M. A., Hyatt, J. R. & Reynolds, J. P. (2006) Assessing infantry soldier situation awareness in virtual environment-based training of urban terrain operations Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA) 16th World Congress on Ergonomics [CD-ROM]. Maastricht, The Netherlands: Elsevier
  • Strater, L. G., Reynolds, J. P., Faulkner, L. A., Birch, K., Hyatt, J., Swetnam, S., et al. (2004). PC-based tools to improve infantry situation awareness. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Strater, L. D., Jones, D., & Endsley, M. R. (2003). Improving SA: Training challenges for infantry platoon leaders. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CAS: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, pp. 2045-2049.
  • Endsley, M. R., and Garland, D. G. (2000). Pilot situation awareness training in general aviation. Proceedings of the 14th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association and the 44th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R., Robertson, M. M., & Porter, K. (1999). Evaluation of a program for training skills related to team situation awareness in aviation maintenance. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology . Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University.
  • Robertson, M. M., & Endsley, M. R. (1997). Development of a situation awareness training program for aviation maintenance. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 41st Annual Meeting (pp. 1163-1167). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1989). Pilot situation awareness: The challenge for the training community. In Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training Systems Conference (I/ITSC) (pp. 111-117). Ft Worth, TX: American Defense Preparedness Association.
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SA Design

  • Endsley, M. R., & Jones, D. G. (2025). Designing for situation awareness: An approach to human centered design (3rd ed.). London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Endsley, M. R., & Jones, D. G. (2024). Situation awareness oriented design: Review and future directions. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 40(7), 1487–1504.
  • Endsley, M. R. and Jones D. G. (2012). Designing for Situation Awareness: An Approach to User Centered Design. (2nd Edition). London: Taylor and Francis
  • Endsley, M. R., Bolte, B., & Jones, D. G. (2003). Designing for situation awareness: An approach to human-centered design. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Connors, E. S., Strater, L. D., Riley, J. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2008) Applying SA-oriented design to the integrative collaborative control of multiple unmanned vehicle systems Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 52nd Annual Meeting (pp. 211-215). Santa Monica, CA
  • Strater, L., Cuevas, H., Connors, E., Ungvarsky, D., & Endsley, M. (2008) Situation awareness and collaborative tool usage in ad hoc command and control teams Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 52nd Annual Meeting (pp. 468-472). Santa Monica, CA
  • C.A. Bolstad, A.M. Costello, M.R. Endsley (2006) Bad situation awareness designs: What went wrong and why Paper presented at the International Ergonomics Association 16th World Congress Maastricht, Netherlands
  • Chappell, S. L., & Dunlap, K. L. (2006) Incorporating operator situation awareness into the design process: A key ingredient for future combat unmanned rotorcraft Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society 62nd Annual Forum. Phoenix, AZ: American Helicopter Society International
  • Strater, L. D., Riley, J. M., Faulkner, L. A., Hyatt, J. R., & Endsley, M. R. (2006) Effect of display icon modality on situation awareness Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th Annual Meeting (pp. 299-303). Santa Monica, CA
  • Strater, L. D., Faulkner, L. A., Hyatt, J. R., & Endsley, M. R. (2006) Supporting situation awareness under data overload in command and control visualizations Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA) 16th World Congress on Ergonomics [CD-ROM] The Netherlands, Amsterdam: Elsevier
  • Bolstad, C. A., & Endsley, M. R. (2003b). Tools for supporting team collaboration. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R., Bolstad, C. A., Jones, D. G., & Riley, J. M. (2003). Situation awareness oriented design: From user's cognitive requirements to creating effective supporting technologies. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Riley, J. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2003). Supporting planning and situation awareness in army command and control. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2001). Designing for situation awareness in complex systems. In Proceedings of the Second international workshop on symbiosis of humans, artifacts and environment, pp. 176-190. Kyoto, Japan: Program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
  • Endsley, M. R., Sollenberger, R., & Stein, E. (1999). The use of predictive displays for aiding controller situation awareness. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1999). Situation awareness and human error: Design to support human performance. Proceedings of the High Consequence Systems Surety Conference Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratory.
  • Banbury, S., Selcon, S., Endsley, M., Gorton, T., & Tatlock, K. (1998). Being certain about uncertainty: How the representation of system reliability affects pilot decision making. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting (pp. 36-41). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Endsley, M.R. and Rosiles, S. A. (1995) Auditory Localization for Spatial Orientation, Journal of Vestibular Research, 2(6), 473-485 Endsley, M. R. (1994) Organizational Influences on Design Decision Making. In G. Bradley and H. W. Hendrick (eds.) Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management- IV. (pp. 23-28). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1994) Technological Determinism: The Persistent Myth. In Proceedings of the 12th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Vol 6, Part 1. (pp. 147-149) Toronto, Canada: Human Factors Association of Canada.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1988). Design and evaluation for situation awareness enhancement. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting (pp. 97-101). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
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SA in Healthcare

  • Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., Wang-Costello, J., Endsley, M. R., Page, W. J. & Kass-Hout, T. (2011). Integrating human capabilities into biosurveillance systems: A study of biosurveillance and situation awareness. In T. Kass-Hout, & X. Zhang (Eds.), Biosurveillance: Methods and case studies (pp. 79-94). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press – Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., Wang-Costello, J., Endsley, M. R., Page, W. J. & Kass-Hout, T. (2011) Integrating human capabilities into biosurveillance systems: A study of biosurveillance and situation awareness In T. Kass-Hout, & X. Zhang (Eds.), Biosurveillance: Methods and case studies (pp. 79-94). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press– Taylor & Francis Group
  • Bolstad, C. A., Endsley, M. R., & Cuevas, H. M. (2010) Integrating situation awareness within a theoretical framework of cognitive readiness Invited chapter to appear in H. F. O’Neil, R. S. Perez, & E. L. Baker (Eds.), Teaching and measuring cognitive readiness. New York, NY: Springer
  • Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., Wang-Costello, J., Endsley, M. R., Page, W. J. & Kass-Hout, T. (2009) Integrating human capabilities into biosurveillance systems: A study of biosurveillance and situation awareness Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA) 17th World Congress on Ergonomics [CD-ROM], Beijing, China, Amsterdam: Elsevier
  • Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., Costello, A. M., & Babbitt, B. A. (2008) Predicting cognitive readiness of deploying military medical teams Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 52nd Annual Meeting (pp. 970-974). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  • Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., Babbitt, B. A., Semple, C. A., & Vestewig, R. E. (2007) Predicting cognitive readiness of military health teams through M-CREST Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Integrated Design and Process Technology (IDPT-2007), Antalya, Turkey
  • C.A. Bolstad, B.A. Babbitt, C.A. Semple, R.E. Vestewig, Lt. Colonel M. Russo, M.D. (2006) Medical Cognitive Readiness: From Theory to Practice Paper presented at the 14th Annual Medicine Meets Virtual Reality Conference, Long Beach, CA
  • C.A. Bolstad, H.M. Cuevas, F.A. Babbitt, C.A. Semple, R.E. Vestewig (2006) Predicting Cognitive Readiness of Military Health Teams Paper presented at the International Ergonomics Association 16th World Congress Maastricht, Netherlands
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SA in Military Operations

  • Bolstad, C. A., Endsley, M. R., Cuevas, H. M. (2010) Team coordination and shared situation awareness in combat identification In D. H. Andrews, R. Herz, & M. Wolf (Eds.) Human factors issues in combat identification (pp. 147-160). Aldershot, England: Ashgate
  • Cuevas, H. M. & Bolstad, C. A. (2010) Influence of team leaders’ situation awareness on their team’s situation awareness and performance Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting (pp. 309-313)
  • Davis, F., Scielzo, S., Riley, J. M., Hyatt, J., Lampton, D., & Merlo, J. (2010) Adapting traditional military doctrine to modern training approaches utilizing serious games Proceedings of the 27th Army Science Conference, Orlando, FL
  • Saner, L., Bolstad, C. A., Gonzalez, C., & Cuevas, H. M. (2009) Measuring and predicting shared situation awareness in military teams Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 3 (3), 280-308
  • Strater, L., Scielzo, S., Lenox-Tinsley, M., Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2009) Tools to support ad hoc teams In P. McDermott & L. Allender (Eds.), Advanced Decision Architectures for the Warfighter: Foundations and Technology – Proceedings of the Advanced Decision Architectures Final RMB Workshop (pp. 359-377), Washington, DC
  • Bolstad, C. A., Endsley, M. R., Cuevas, H. M. (2008) Team coordination and shared situation awareness in combat identification Proceedings of the Human Factors in Combat Identification Workshop (sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory), Apache Junction, AZ
  • Endsley, M. R. (2008) Situation awareness: A key cognitive factor in effectiveness of battle command In A. Kott (Ed.), The battle of cognition: The future of information-rich warfare and the mind of the commander (pp. 95-119). Westport, CT: Praeger
  • Foltz, P. W., Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., Franzke, M., Rosenstein, M., & Costello, A. M. (2008) Measuring situation awareness through automated communication analysis In M. P. Letsky, N. W. Warner, S. M. Fiore, & C. A. P. Smith (Eds.), Macrocognition in teams (pp. 259-275). Aldershot, England: Ashgate
  • Saner, L., Bolstad, C. A., Gonzalez, C., & Cuevas, H. M. (2008) Measuring and predicting shared situation awareness in military teams Proceedings of the 3rd Network Science Workshop, 15-17 October 2008. Westpoint, NY: U. S. Military Academy
  • Strater, L., Cuevas, H., Connors, E., Ungvarsky, D., & Endsley, M. (2008) Situation awareness and collaborative tool usage in ad hoc command and control teams Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 52nd Annual Meeting (pp. 468-472). Santa Monica, CA
  • Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., Babbitt, B. A., Semple, C. A., & Vestewig, R. E. (2007) Predicting cognitive readiness of military health teams through M-CREST Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Integrated Design and Process Technology (IDPT-2007), Antalya, Turkey
  • Bolstad, C. A., Foltz, P., Franzke, M., Cuevas, H. M., Rosenstein, M., & Costello, A. M. (2007) Predicting situation awareness from team communications Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 51st Annual Meeting (pp. 789-793). Santa Monica, CA
  • Chappell, S. L. (2007) UAV control with pictures and pointing Proceedings of the AIAA 2007 Conference and Exhibit. Rohnert Park, CA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
  • C.A. Bolstad, H.M. Cuevas, F.A. Babbitt, C.A. Semple, R.E. Vestewig (2006) Predicting Cognitive Readiness of Military Health Teams Paper presented at the International Ergonomics Association 16th World Congress Maastricht, Netherlands
  • Chappell, S. L., & Dunlap, K. L. (2006) Incorporating operator situation awareness into the design process: A key ingredient for future combat unmanned rotorcraft Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society 62nd Annual Forum. Phoenix, AZ: American Helicopter Society International
  • Costello, A., Strater, L., Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2006) Communication and situation awareness in ad hoc teams Proceedings of the 25th Army Science Conference, Orlando, FL
  • Kaber, D. B., Riley, J. M., Sheik-Nainar, M. A., Hyatt, J. R. & Reynolds, J. P. (2006) Assessing infantry soldier situation awareness in virtual environment-based training of urban terrain operations Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA) 16th World Congress on Ergonomics [CD-ROM]. Maastricht, The Netherlands: Elsevier
  • Riley, J. M., Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2006) Planning and situation awareness in Army command and control Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA) 16th World Congress on Ergonomics [CD-ROM], The Netherlands, Amsterdam: Elsevier
  • Riley, J. M., Endsley, M. R., Bolstad, C. A. & Cuevas, H. M. (2006) Collaborative planning and situation awareness in Army command and control Ergonomics, 49 (12-13), 1139-1153 (Special Issue: Command and Control)
  • Strater, L. D., Riley, J. M., Faulkner, L. A., Hyatt, J. R., & Endsley, M. R. (2006) Effect of display icon modality on situation awareness Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th Annual Meeting (pp. 299-303). Santa Monica, CA
  • Strater, L. D., Faulkner, L. A., Hyatt, J. R., & Endsley, M. R. (2006) Supporting situation awareness under data overload in command and control visualizations Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA) 16th World Congress on Ergonomics [CD-ROM] The Netherlands, Amsterdam: Elsevier
  • Riley, J. M., Kaber, D. B., Sheik-Nainar, M. & Endsley, M. R. (2009) Enhancing situation awareness training in virtual reality through measurement and feedback In D. Nicholson, D. Schmorrow, & J. Cohn (Eds.), The PSI handbook of virtual environments for training and education: Developments for the military and beyond, Volume 2: VE components and training technologies (pp. 326-347). Westport, CT: Praeger Security International
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SA in Unmanned Systems and Teleoperations

  • Valimont, R. B. & Chappell, S. L. (2011) Look where I’m going and go where I’m looking: Camera-up map for unmanned aerial vehicles. Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Lausanne, Switzerland, NY: Assoc. for Computing Machinery
  • Murphy, R. R. & Burke, J.L. (2010) The safe human-robot ratio In M. Barnes & F. Jentsch, (Eds.), Human-robot interactions in future military operations (pp. 31-52). London: Ashgate
  • Murphy, R. R., Nomura, T., Billard, A., & Burke, J. L. (2010) What roboticists think about teaching humans about human-robot interaction IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, 17 (2), 85-89
  • Riley, J. M., Strater, L. D., Chappell, S. L., Connors, E. S. & Endsley, M. R. (2010) Situation awareness in human-robot interaction: Challenges and user interface requirements In M. Barnes & F. Jentsch, (Eds.) Human-robot interactions in future military operations (pp. 171-191). London: Ashgate
  • Riley, J. M., Strater, L. D., Davis, F., Strater, S., & Faulkner, L. A. (2009) Situation awareness and team communication in robot control Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting (pp. 172-176). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  • Connors, E. S., Strater, L. D., Riley, J. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2008) Applying SA-oriented design to the integrative collaborative control of multiple unmanned vehicle systems Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 52nd Annual Meeting (pp. 211-215). Santa Monica, CA
  • Riley, J. M., Strater, L. D., Sethumadhavan, A., Davis, F., Tharanathan, A., & Kokini, C. (2008) Performance and situation awareness effects in collaborative robot control with automation Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 52nd Annual Meeting (pp. 242-246). Santa Monica, CA
  • Chappell, S. L. (2007) UAV control with pictures and pointing Proceedings of the AIAA 2007 Conference and Exhibit. Rohnert Park, CA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
  • Chappell, S. L., & Dunlap, K. L. (2006) Incorporating operator situation awareness into the design process: A key ingredient for future combat unmanned rotorcraft Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society 62nd Annual Forum. Phoenix, AZ: American Helicopter Society International
  • Riley, J. M., Murphy, R. R., & Endsley, M. R. (2006) Situation awareness in the control of unmanned ground vehicles In N. J. Cooke, H. L. Pringle, H. K. Pederson, & O. Connor (Eds.), Human factors of remotely operated vehicles (pp. 359-372). Amsterdam: Elsevier
  • Riley, J. M. & Strater. L. D. (2006) Effects of robot control mode on situation awareness and performance in a navigation task Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th Annual Meeting (pp. 540-544). Santa Monica, CA
  • Riley, J. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2005). Situation awareness in HRI with collaborating remotely piloted vehicles. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 49th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, pp. 407-411.
  • Riley, J. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2004). The hunt for situation awareness: Human-robot interaction in search and rescue, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual Meeting (pp. 693-697). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
  • Kaber, D. B., Macedo, J. A., & Endsley, M. R. (1996). Human factors investigation of automated compensation for incongruent display-controller axes in teleoperations: Part II. Dynamic misalignments. In R. J. Koubek & W. Karwowski (Eds.), Manufacturing agility and hybrid automation (pp. 473-477). Louisville, KY: IEA Press.
  • Macedo, J. A., Endsley, M. R., & Kaber, D. B. (1996). Human factors investigation of automated compensation for incongruent display-controller axes in teleoperations: Part I. Static misalignments. In R. Koubek & W. Karwowski (Eds.), Manufacturing agility and hybrid automation (pp. 469-472). Louisville, KY: IEA Press.
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SA Modeling

  • Jones, R.E.T., Connors, E.S., Mossey, M.E., Hyatt, J.R., Hansen, N.J., & Endsley, M.R. (2011). Using fuzzy cognitive mapping techniques to model situation awareness for Army Infantry Platoon Leaders. Computational Mathematical Organizational Theory, 17(3), 272-295.
  • Endsley, M. (2011) Building models of situation awareness: From humans to computers. Keynote presentation to the International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision Support (CogSIMA). Miami, FL: IEEE
  • Jones, R.E.T., Connors, E.S., & Endsley, M.R. (2011) A framework for representing agent and human situation awareness Proceedings of the International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness & Decision Support (CogSIMA), FL
  • Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., Connors, E. S., Foltz, P. W., Gonzalez, C., Lau, N. K. C., & Warwick, W. J. (2010) Advances in modeling situation awareness, decision-making, and performance in complex operational environments Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting (pp. 1047-1051). Santa Monica, CA
  • Jones, R. E. T., Connors, E. S., Mossey, M. E., Hyatt, J. R., Hansen, N. J., & Endsley, M. R. (2010). Modeling situation awareness for army infantry platoon leaders using fuzzy cognitive mapping techniques. Proceedings of the Conference on Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation (BRIMS), Charleston, SC. (Best Paper Award).
  • Jones, R. E. T., Connors, E. S., & Endsley, M. R. (2009) Incorporating the human analyst into the data fusion process by modeling situation awareness using fuzzy cognitive maps Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Information Fusion (pp. 1265-1271), Seattle, WA
  • Jones, R. E., Strater, L. D., Riley, J. M., Connors, E. S., & Endsley, M. R. (2009) Assessing automation for aviation personnel using a predictive model of SA Proceedings of the AIAA SPACE 2009 Conference and Exposition. Reston, VA: AIAA
  • Gonzalez, C., Juarez-Espinosa, O., Endsley, M. R., & Jones, D. G. (2006) Cognitive models of situation awareness: Automatic evaluation of situation awareness in graphic interfaces Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation (BRIMS), Baltimore, MD
  • Endsley, M. R. (2000). Situation models: An avenue to the modeling of mental models. Proceedings of the 14th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association and the 44th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Santa Monica, CA: HFES.
  • Endsley, M. R., Klein, G., Woods, D. D., Smith, P. J., & Selcon, S. J. (1995). Future directions in cognitive engineering and naturalistic decision making. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (pp. 450-453). Sage: Los Angeles, CA.
  • Endsley, M. R., English, T. M. and Sundararajan, M. (1997) The Modeling of Expertise: The Use of Situation Models for Knowledge Engineering, International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 1(2), 119-136.
  • Huang, S. H. and Endsley, M. R. (1997) Providing Understanding of the Behavior of Feedforward Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 27(3), 465-474.
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Other Research

  • Endsley, M. R. (2018). Combating information attack in the age of the internet: New challenges for cognitive engineering. Human Factors, 60(8), 1960.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2016) Building resilient systems: Incorporating strong human-system integration. Defense AT&L Magazine, XVL (1), 6-12.
  • ‘Endsley, M. R. (2015) Human systems integration requirements analysis. In Boehm-Davis, D. B. Durso, F. and Lee, J. D., (eds.) APA Handbook of Human Systems Integration, New York: APA Books.
  • Endsley, M. R. (2012) Building bridges to the future of Human Factors and Ergonomics. Presidential address to the Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Boston, MA. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting (pp. 1047-1051). Santa Monica, CA
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